Halal Investment Screening

Analysis of Apple's business model, debt-to-market-cap ratio (~28%), interest income (~3.5%), and zero haram revenue against AAOIFI and DJIM thresholds.

Tesla's clean energy focus, low debt ratio (~5%), minimal interest income (~2%), and no haram revenue make it one of the cleanest large-cap stocks for Muslim investors.

Amazon passes financial screening but faces concerns over marketplace sellers offering non-compliant products and AWS interest-bearing financial services.

Microsoft's software-driven revenue, moderate debt (~18%), low interest income (~2%), and no significant haram revenue pass both AAOIFI and DJIM screens.

Alphabet passes financial ratio screening with very low debt (~4%), but faces questions about advertising content policies and YouTube ad revenue sources.

NVIDIA's semiconductor and AI chip business has clean revenue, moderate debt (~12%), minimal interest income (~1%), and no haram business segments.

Bitcoin's permissibility is actively debated: some scholars accept it as a digital asset (mal), while others cite excessive gharar (uncertainty) and speculative nature.

Ethereum adds staking yield complexity to the crypto debate. Its utility as a platform is noted, but proof-of-stake rewards raise questions about riba-like returns.

Staking rewards on proof-of-stake networks: are they compensation for network validation (permissible service) or guaranteed returns on locked capital (riba)?

Gold ETFs must be physically backed, avoid interest-bearing cash holdings, and comply with the rules of sarf (currency exchange) to be Shariah-compliant.

Conventional index funds include non-compliant companies. Halal alternatives (SP Funds, Wahed) screen out haram stocks and purify non-compliant income.

Direct real estate investing is generally halal. REITs face scrutiny over leverage ratios, interest income, and tenant business activities that may be non-compliant.

Conventional forex trading involves overnight swap interest (riba), excessive leverage, and speculative currency exchange that violates rules of sarf in Islamic law.

Options contracts involve selling what you do not own, gharar (excessive uncertainty), and maysir (gambling-like speculation), prohibited by the majority of scholars.

Day trading halal stocks may be permissible if trades involve genuine ownership transfer. Concerns arise from speculation (maysir), margin trading, and settlement timing.

Dropshipping raises the issue of selling goods you do not possess. Some scholars permit it under the salam contract framework if specific conditions are met.